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什么是 Snapcraft？
Snapcraft 是一个用于构建快照的命令行实用程序。 该软件允许用户构建自己的应用程序或软件包，然后发布到 快照存储 供其他用户共享和使用！ 在本教程中，我们将学习如何在 Ubuntu 和 CentOS 上安装 Snapcraft。
什么是快照？
Snap，也称为 Snappy，是一种流行的 Linux 包管理系统，提供对称为 snaps 的自包含包的访问。 Snap 与 yum 或 apt-get 等其他包管理系统的不同之处在于，它不仅仅针对一个 Linux 发行版。 例如，Yum 是默认的包管理器 Fedora、CentOS 和 Redhat，但 Ubuntu 和 Debian 等发行版使用 apt-get 作为默认包管理器。 Snap 软件包适用于基于 Debian 和 RHEL 的发行版，因为 Snap 封装了自己的依赖项。
飞行前检查
- CentOS 需要访问 EPEL 软件包存储库才能安装 snapd，这是安装 Snapcraft 的先决条件。 这是有关如何设置 epel 存储库的教程。
- 这些指令分别在 CentOS 7 和 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 服务器上执行。
- 确保您以 root 用户身份登录到这些服务器。
CentOS 7
第 1 步：安装 snapd
首先，作为最佳实践，确保所有软件包都是最新的：
yum update -y接下来安装 snapd：
yum install -y snapd第 2 步：启用 Snap.socket
安装 snapd 后，需要启用 snap.socket：
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl enable --now snapd.socket
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/snapd.socket to /usr/lib/systemd/system/snapd.socket.
[[email protected] ~]# 第 3 步：启用经典 Snap 支持
某些 Snap 软件包需要有 /snap 目录。 此功能不随 Snap 本身提供，但为了确保您可以安装任何 Snap 软件包，您需要创建一个符号链接以启用经典 Snap 支持：
ln -s /var/lib/snapd/snap /snap接下来，刷新您的终端会话：
exec bash第 4 步：安装 Snapcraft
现在已安装 snapd，您可以安装 Snapcraft！ 安装 Snapcraft 的最简单方法是使用 Snap 安装它：
[[email protected] ~]# snap install snapcraft --classic
2019-10-10T10:54:15-04:00 INFO Waiting for restart...
snapcraft 3.8 from Canonical✓ installed
[[email protected] ~]# 安装错误
注意：在测试期间，我们在 CentOS 7 服务器上尝试使用 snap 安装 snapcraft 时确实遇到了一个错误。 错误说明：“错误：操作太早，设备尚未播种或设备型号未确认”。 我们卸载了 snapd [yum remove snapd]
然后使用重新安装它 [yum install -y snapd].
[[email protected] ~]# yum install -y snapd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, priorities, tmprepo
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.CodePre.com
* epel: mirrors.CodePre.com
* extras: mirrors.CodePre.com
* updates: mirrors.CodePre.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package snapd.x86_64 0:2.39.2-1.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
Package Arch Version Repository Size
Installing:
snapd x86_64 2.39.2-1.el7 epel 14 M
Transaction Summary
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 14 M
Installed size: 43 M
Downloading packages:
snapd-2.39.2-1.el7.x86_64.rpm | 14 MB 00:00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : snapd-2.39.2-1.el7.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : snapd-2.39.2-1.el7.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
snapd.x86_64 0:2.39.2-1.el7
Complete!然后我们再次尝试安装 Snapcraft：
[[email protected] ~]# snap install snapcraft --classic
error: too early for operation, device not yet seeded or device model not acknowledged我们等了大约十分钟，然后重新运行 Snapcraft 安装：
[[email protected] ~]# snap install snapcraft --classic
2019-10-10T11:11:15-04:00 INFO Waiting for restart...
snapcraft 3.8 from Canonical✓ installed
[[email protected] ~]#
[[email protected] ~]# which snapcraft
/var/lib/snapd/snap/bin/snapcraft
固定的！
接下来，验证 Snapcraft 是否已启动且可用：
[[email protected] ~]# snapcraft -h
<pre>Usage: snapcraft [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...
Snapcraft is a delightful packaging tool.
Options:
--version Show the version and exit.
-d, --debug
-h, --help Show this message and exit.
Commands:
build Build artifacts defined for a part.
clean Remove a part's assets.
close Close <channel> for <snap-name>.
create-key Create a key to sign assertions.
enable-ci Enable continuous-integration systems to build and...
expand-extensions Display snapcraft.yaml with all extensions applied.
export-login Save login configuration for a store account in FILE.
extension Show contents of extension.
gated Get the list of snaps and revisions gating a snap.
help Obtain help for a certain topic, plugin or command.
init Initialize a snapcraft project.
list-extensions List available extensions.
list-keys List the keys available to sign assertions.
list-plugins List the available plugins that handle different types...
list-registered List snap names registered or shared with you.
list-revisions Get the history on the store for <snap-name>.
login Login with your Ubuntu One e-mail address and password.
logout Clear session credentials.
pack Create a snap from a directory holding a valid snap.
prime Final copy and preparation for the snap.
pull Download or retrieve artifacts defined for a part.
push Push <snap-file> to the store.
push-metadata Push metadata from <snap-file> to the store.
register Register <snap-name> with the store.
register-key Register a key with the store to sign assertions.
release Release <snap-name> on <revision> to the selected
store...
sign-build Sign a built snap file and assert it using the...
snap Create a snap.
stage Stage the part's built artifacts into the common...
status Get the status on the store for <snap-name>.
try Try a snap on the host, priming if necessary.
validate Validate a gated snap.
version Obtain snapcraft's version number.
whoami Returns your login information relevant to the store.
</pre>如果您看到 Snapcraft 工具的上述帮助输出，您应该已经准备就绪！
[[email protected] ~]# snapcraft --version
snapcraft, version 3.8
[[email protected] ~]# Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
第 1 步：验证 snapd 是否可用
作为最佳实践，更新您的软件包：
apt-get update -y安装了 snapd 的 Ubuntu 发行版 16.04 及更高版本。 验证您的 Ubuntu 发行版是否可用 snapd。 您的特定版本信息可能会有所不同，但输出应类似于以下内容：
[email protected]:~# snap --version
snap 2.38+18.04
snapd 2.38+18.04
series 16
ubuntu 18.04
kernel 4.15.0-50-generic
[email protected]:~# 如果是这样，你就准备好了！ 继续下面的第二步。
如果您看到与此类似的输出：
Command' snap' not found, but can be installed with:
apt install snapd您需要使用 apt 安装 snapd：
注意：运行“snap install snapcraft”时，如果您收到错误：“错误：此版本的 snap “snapcraft” 是使用经典限制发布的，因此可能会在 snaps 通常受限的安全沙箱之外执行任意系统更改，其中可能会使您的系统面临风险。 如果您理解并想要继续重复该命令，包括 –classic。” 只需运行“apt install snapcraft”命令而不是“snap install snapcraft”命令。 Snapcraft 自己关于安装 snapcraft 的说明使用经典限制。
apt-get install snapd -y第 2 步：安装 Snapcraft
现在您已经验证 snapd 可用，您可以安装 Snapcraft：
[email protected]:~# snap install snapcraft --classic
2019-10-10T11:31:12-04:00 INFO Waiting for restart...
snapcraft 3.8 from Canonical✓ installed
[email protected]:~#要验证 Snapcraft 是否已安装，请检查帮助输出。 以下命令将输出 Snapcraft 的所有可用选项。
[email protected]:~$ snapcraft --help
Usage: snapcraft [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...
Snapcraft is a delightful packaging tool.
Options:
--version Show the version and exit.
-d, --debug
--help Show this message and exit.
Commands:
build Build artifacts defined for a part.
clean Remove content - cleans downloads, builds or install...
cleanbuild Create a snap using a clean environment managed by a...
close Close <channel> for <snap-name>.
create-key Create a key to sign assertions.
define Shows the definition for the cloud part.
enable-ci Enable continuous-integration systems to build and...
expand-extensions Display snapcraft.yaml with all extensions applied.
export-login Save login configuration for a store account in FILE.
extension Show contents of extension.
gated Get the list of snaps and revisions gating a snap.
help Obtain help for a certain topic, plugin or command.
init Initialize a snapcraft project.
list-extensions List available extensions.
list-keys List the keys available to sign assertions.
list-plugins List the available plugins that handle different types...
list-registered List snap names registered or shared with you.
list-revisions Get the history on the store for <snap-name>.
login Login with your Ubuntu One e-mail address and password.
logout Clear session credentials.
pack Create a snap from a directory holding a valid snap.
prime Final copy and preparation for the snap.
pull Download or retrieve artifacts defined for a part.
push Push <snap-file> to the store.
push-metadata Push metadata from <snap-file> to the store.
register Register <snap-name> with the store.
register-key Register a key with the store to sign assertions.
release Release <snap-name> on <revision> to the selected
store...
search Searches the remote parts cache for matching parts.
sign-build Sign a built snap file and assert it using the...
snap Create a snap.
stage Stage the part's built artifacts into the common...
status Get the status on the store for <snap-name>.
update Updates the parts listing from the cloud.
validate Validate a gated snap.
version Obtain snapcraft's version number.
whoami Returns your login information relevant to the store.
[email protected]:~$
而已！ 现在，让我们快速获取信息然后安装它；
[[email protected] ~]# snap info hello-world
name: hello-world
summary: The 'hello-world' of snaps
publisher: Canonical✓
contact: [email protected]
license: unset
description: |
This is a simple hello world example.
commands:
- hello-world.env
- hello-world.evil
- hello-world
- hello-world.sh
snap-id: buPKUD3TKqCOgLEjjHx5kSiCpIs5cMuQ
tracking: stable
refresh-date: today at 11:40 EDT
channels:
stable: 6.4 2019-04-17 (29) 20kB -
candidate: 6.4 2019-04-17 (29) 20kB -
beta: 6.4 2019-04-17 (29) 20kB -
edge: 6.4 2019-04-17 (29) 20kB -
installed: 6.4 (29) 20kB -
[[email protected] ~]# 以下是使用 snap 安装应用程序的方法：
[[email protected] ~]# snap install hello-world
hello-world 6.4 from Canonical✓ installed
[[email protected] ~]# hello-world
Hello World!
[[email protected] ~]#今天就开始吧！
还有问题吗？ 我们的支持团队与对网络托管技术有深入了解的人才支持，尤其是本文中讨论的技术。 如果您在执行上述步骤时感到不舒服，我们随时为您提供帮助！
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